Most electrolytes employed in conventional LIBs consist of a mixture of carbonate-based solvents, where the cyclic carbonates endow the electrolyte system with a high dielectric constant to ensure high salt dissociation and linear carbonates contribute to a high ionic conductivity by reducing the viscosity of the mixture.53 Moreover, there were sig. As another important organic solvent, ethers can keep liquid form over a wide temperature range and possess low viscosity, leading to high ionic conductivity, especially at subzero temperatures.21 Both linear and cyclic ether-based solvents exhibit similar physicochemical properties and low melting points. Compared with cyclic ethers, linear ethers. Generally, electrolytes are predominantly in the form of liquid or solid, allowing the reversible diffusion of Li ions. Owing to the low intermolecular interactions between adjacent molecules, gaseous form at ambient temperature and pressure can result in the lack of the consolidated phase. Recently, gaseous electrolytes, adopted by varying the eff. Owing to its unique dielectric and fluid properties, water is an excellent electrolytic conductor, which can aid in faster kinetics during the discharge/charge processes.84,85 Compared with organic electrolytes, water is cheaper and safer than Li-ion technology. However, water has a very low electrochemical stability window, limiting the energy den. Works based on ionic liquid electrolytes and solid-state electrolytes at low temperatures are very scarce. Compared with our organic electrolytes, ionic liquid electrolytes have received considerable attention due to their excellent chemical stability, broad electrochemical windows, high safety, and high ionic conductivity.91 Ionic liquids are molt.
