The output voltage waveform of a photovoltaic panel isn't a perfect straight line. Instead, it fluctuates based on several factors: Sunlight intensity: Higher irradiance increases voltage. Shading: Partial shading creates. erved time period,as shown in Fig. Solar panels produce direct current (DC), which is a constant and steady flow of electricity. Solar panels convert sunlight into electricity through photovoltaic cells. The Solar Cell I-V Characteristic Curves shows the current and voltage (I-V) characteristics of a particular photovoltaic (PV) cell, module or array. A color filter is relatively inexpensive, and it can enhance the efficiency of a solar panel.